Objective To implement sustainable vector control strategies and measures for Japanese encephalitis (JE) by carrying out integrated mosquito prevention and control (IMPC) in developing rural areas of Gansu province as a health, poverty alleviation, and public welfare activity in 2019, and to provide a IMPC package for mosquito control in high-prevalence areas of JE in China. Methods The activity was jointly proposed by professional institutes and social organizations, technically guided by disease control specialists, and implemented by several enterprises and voluntary teams engaged in pest control operation (PCO). Zhaoshi village in Bali town, Jingning county, Pingliang, Gansu province, with the highest incidence rate of JE in 2017, was selected, and integrated management strategies were carried out, including public education for villagers, thorough elimination of mosquito larvae breeding sites, and chemical control in key areas. During the activity, the lamp trapping method was used to monitor the change in mosquito density to evaluate the effect of integrated mosquito control. Results A total of 41 enterprises participated in the activity, and 19 technical specialists and 37 PCO volunteers formed the team of volunteers. Investigation before control showed that bonsai, aquatic plants, cisterns, tanks, and basins were the main containers for water accumulation, with a positive rate of water accumulation of 34.32% and a 100-household index of 85.33. Main mosquito breeding sites in the external environment within and around the village included pipe wells, sewer water, open channels, sewage lagoons, unused bowls/bottles/tanks/cans, and waste tires, with a positive rate of 17.31%. The results of monitoring before control showed that the density of adult mosquitoes was 50.33 mosquitoes/trap/night, and Culex tritaeniorhynchus was the dominant species accounting for 80.13%, followed by Cx. pipiens pallens accounting for 12.91% and Anopheles sinensis accounting for 5.96%. After the first time of prevention and control, the density of adult mosquitoes was reduced to 11.60 mosquitoes/trap/night, with Cx. pipiens pallens accounting for 43.11%, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus accounting for 17.24%, An. sinensis accounting for 5.17%, and other mosquito species accounting for 34.48%, and the mean reduction rate of mosquito density was 76.95%. After the second time of prevention and control, the total mosquito density was reduced to 6.67 mosquitoes/trap/night, with An. sinensis accounting for 42.50%, Cx. pipiens pallens accounting for 17.50%, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus accounting for 15.00%, and other mosquito species accounting for 25.00%; the mean reduction rate of mosquito density was 86.75%, and the reduction rate of peasant households reached 100%. With the implementation of integrated mosquito prevention and control measures, the composition ratio of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus decreased from 80.13% to 15.00%. There was a significant reduction in mosquito larvae breeding sites after on-site public education and treatment, with a reduction rate of 93.24% based on container index. Conclusion The sustainable mosquito control mode of monitoring, control, and evaluation has a good effect in spreading the knowledge of mosquito prevention and control and reducing mosquito density and can be widely used in the high-prevalence areas of JE in China. Such measures should be taken in accordance with local conditions to achieve a better effect.

Objective To investigate the strategies for vector control in rural areas by investigating the harm of mosquitoes and flies, developing integrated control measures, and reducing the densities of mosquitoes and flies in Chejiahe village in Qianyou town of Zhashui county in Shangluo of Shaanxi province, China. Methods A questionnaire survey was performed to investigate the knowledge about the prevention and control of mosquitoes and flies and the formation of control behaviors among villagers. Visual observation method, cage trapping method, sticky trap method, light-trap method, human-luring method, and larvae pipette method were used to investigate the breeding of the larvae of mosquitoes and flies and the density of adult mosquitoes and flies. Integrated control measures, including propaganda and education, breeding site treatment, physical control, and chemical control, were adopted, and the effect of these measures was evaluated. Results The daily life of the rural residents was seriously disturbed by mosquitoes and flies, and they often lacked the knowledge of the prevention and control of mosquitoes and flies. The main breeding sites of flies included septic tanks of aqua privies, livestock houses, scattered domestic waste, and garbage cans, with the highest number in septic tanks of aqua privies (42.53%) and the highest breeding positive rate in septic tanks (89.19%). The main breeding sites of mosquitoes included idle containers (bottles, cans, and barrels), waste tires, and water tanks, among which idle containers had the highest number of 76.86% and the highest 100-household index of 142.11, and waste tires had the highest container index of 95.65%. As for the treatment group, on day 1 of control, the reduction rate of the absolute density of flies ranged from 16.25% to 66.70%, while the reduction rate of the relative density of flies ranged from -52.64% and 69.12%; the reduction rate of the absolute density of mosquitoes ranged from 51.50% to 83.78%, while the reduction rate of the relative density of mosquitoes ranged from 62.07% to 87.77%. On day 10 of control, the reduction rate of the absolute density of flies ranged from 6.67% to 60.00%, while the reduction rate of the relative density of flies ranged from -105.33% to 48.50%; the reduction rate of the absolute density of mosquitoes ranged from 32.71% to 93.07%, while the reduction rate of the relative density of mosquitoes ranged from 76.51% to 93.36%. Conclusion These integrated control measures can effectively control the density of mosquitoes and flies. At present, vector control in rural areas should be enhanced by increasing the budget, improving facilities, and establishing systems and standards, so as to improve the awareness of vector control among rural residents and establish the long-term mechanism for vector control in rural areas.

During recent years, pest control operations (PCO) have been growing rapidly in China. Participation of PCOs is needed in daily pest control services and establishment of hygienic city. Following disasters such as earthquake, land slide, flood, etc., effective epidemic preventions are crucial, which must be launched in a timely manner. PCO companies are passionate in public services and social responsibility, and are experienced in field disinfection and insecticide application. Therefore, PCOs should be encouraged and guided to play a positive role in disease control services in disaster areas.

Objective To analyze the application of national standard of vector density for pest control performance evaluation in creating hygienic city, to provide a scientific reference for the control and prevention of urban vectors, create hygienic city and meet special vector inspection. Methods Urban vector special inspection was conducted based on national standards of vector density for pest control performance evaluation. Results Total 64 counties of 8 cities in Shaanxi were inspected within 4 years, and the indexes that were most likely to reach grade A were index of mosquito landing rate, positive rate of cockroaches ootheca, the density of rodents in outdoor environment, cockroach infestation trace rate, mosquito density in large and medium-sized water bodies, of which the achieving rates were 93.06%, 85.29%, 82.61%, 57.35%, and 55.56% respectively. The indexes that were more difficultly to achieve Grade C were density of mosquito in smaller ponding, facilities for preventing fly, indoor fly density, being 26.39%, 16.67%, and 16.67% respectively. The average rate of non-achieving standard in areas where "flies were prohibited" was 37.31% and the flies positive detection rate of this index showed the obvious downward trend year by year. Conclusion The new national standards are more scientific, standardized, and high maneuverability. Two indexes including mosquito density in small water body and the rate of in areas where "flies were prohibited" were more difficult to reach the national standards.

Objective To understand the resistance of Blattella germanica in five areas of Shaanxi province and provide instruction to the use of insecticides. Methods Residual film method. Results The resistance index of field-collected strains of B. germanica were 1.08-3.69 to acephate, 1.04-4.10 to DDV, 1.30-9.69 to cypermethrin, 1.77-5.40 to beta- cypermethrin, 1.67-4.05 to deltamethrin, 1.28-9.74 to propoxur. Conclusion Insecticides should be applied scientifically to manage the increase in insecticidal resistance of B. germanica effectively.

Objective To investigate the classification and identification methods for Spermophilus alaschanicus and S. dauricus. Methods DNA barcoding was used to determine the cytochrome c oxidase subunitⅠ (COⅠ) gene sequences of S. alaschanicus and S. dauricus, analyze the genetic distance, and construct a neighbor-joining (NJ) tree. Results The intraspecific genetic distance of S. alaschanicus (n＝11) was less than 2%, and that of S. dauricus (n＝4) was less than 1%. The genetic distance between S. alaschanicus and S. dauricus ranged from 8% to 9%. Results of NJ tree showed that all the samples of the two species formed two independent groups with a high support value. Conclusion Spermophilus alaschanicus is an independent species. DNA barcoding can be used in the species identification of Spermophilus.

Objective To provide a scientific basis for the control of plague among humans by studying 30 years’plague epizootic monitoring indices in Dingbian county of Shaanxi province, China. Methods The monitoring indices and plague epizootic were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology using SPSS. Results During the surveillance from 1983 to 2012, plague epizootic occurred three times in 1987-1988, 2000-2001, and 2006, respectively. It was found that rodent density, flea index, and flea infection rate increased at different levels before epidemic years. The rodent density peaked in 1986, 2000, and 2003,with peak values of 39.63, 16.28, and 21.01 rodents/hm ², respectively. The flea index and flea infection rate showed similar trends, and all peaked in the three epidemic years of 1987, 2000, and 2006, with flea indices of 0.71, 0.72, and 1.20,respectively, and flea infection rates of 45.10%, 41.69%, and 43.06%, respectively. Flea infection rate was positively correlated with flea index, and rodent density was positively correlated with nest flea index (P＜0.01). Conclusion Rodent density, flea index, and flea infection rate are the main indices in the monitoring of plague epizootic. Rodent density ＞16 rodents/hm ², flea index ＞0.70, and flea infection rate＞40% indicate high possibility of plague epidemic. Plague epizootic occurred irregularly in Shaanxi province, with a possible interval of 5-10 years. Although monitoring data in 2012 showed that the epidemic was in quiescent period, it should be noted that six years had passed since the last epidemic, and that the neighboring province had reported recent incidence of plague epizootic. Therefore, active surveillance of plague should be carried out effectively, and emergency response plan for plague epidemic should be developed and implemented.

Objective To investigate the chromosome number of ground squirrels in the delta at the intersection of Luo River and Wei River (Wei?Luo Delta) in Shaanxi province, China and to provide a basis for the classification and identification of Spermophilus alashanicus. Methods The chromosome karyotype of ground squirrels was studied by microscopic counting of bone marrow cell chromosomes. Results Forty?seven cells of two ground squirrels were investigated, of which 45 (95.74%) were observed with chromosome number 2n＝38. Conclusion The ground squirrels in the Wei?Luo Delta of Shaanxi are Spermophilus alashanicus.

Objective To investigate the distribution of mosquitoes in Chenlu scenic spot of Tongchuan, Shaanxi province, China to provide guidance for mosquito control. Methods Lamp-baited trap and human-baited net trap were used for assessing the density of adult mosquitoes. The positive rate of water containers in the external environment of residential area was determined, and the container index, house index, and Breteau index were determined to assess the density of mosquito larvae. Results According to the data collected using lamp-baited trap, the mean density of adult mosquitoes was 0.0874 mosquito/lamp·hour; the density of adult mosquitoes was highest in July (0.2018 mosquito/lamp·hour) and in farm for tourism (0.1429 mosquito/lamp·hour), followed by residential area (0.1078 mosquito/lamp·hour). According to the data collected using human-baited net trap, the mean density of adult mosquitoes was 7.4419 mosquitoes/net·hour; the density of adult mosquitoes was highest in August (30.6000 mosquitoes/net·hour). In the residential area, the mean container index was 14.48%, and the container index was highest in August (21.87%); the house index and Breteau index of residential area were 35.88% and 76.08%, respectively. Conclusion There are plenty of breeding places for Aedes, especially various water containers, in the environment of Chenlu scenic spot, and the density of Aedes albopictus is the highest. Measures should be taken to remove accumulated water and control the density of Ae. albopictus.

Objective To evaluate the insecticide resistance of Aedes albopictus in Tongchuan city and Ankang city of Shaanxi province, China. Methods Distinguishing dosage method was used to measure the mortality rates of Ae. albopictus larvae within 24 h of exposure to three insecticides; median lethal dose (LC ₅₀) method was used to measure the LC ₅₀ of nine insecticides for Ae. albopictus larvae. Results The distinguishing dosage method showed that Ae. albopictus in Ankang and Tongchuan had resistances to dichlorvos, permethrin, and deltamethrin. The LC ₅₀ method showed that for Ae. albopictus in Ankang and Tongchuan, the LC ₅₀ of β-cypermethrin was 0.003 71 mg/L and 0.001 45 mg/L, the LC ₅₀ of permethrin was 0.006 25 mg/L and 0.017 67 mg/L, the LC ₅₀ of deltamethrin was 0.002 69 mg/L and 0.000 76 mg/L, the LC ₅₀ of cypermethrin was 0.017 46 mg/L and 0.009 37 mg/L, the LC ₅₀ of DDT was 0.809 54 mg/L and 0.217 06 mg/L, the LC ₅₀ of dichlorvos was 0.040 15 mg/L and 0.026 77 mg/L, the LC ₅₀ of parathion was 0.002 22 mg/L and 0.003 10 mg/L, the LC ₅₀ of propoxur was 0.348 14 mg/L and 0.651 91 mg/L, and the LC ₅₀ of fenobucarb was 0.157 19 mg/L and 0.543 77 mg/L. Ae. albopictus in the two areas developed higher resistance ratios to dichlorvos, parathion, and propoxur than to other insecticides. Conclusion Insecticides should be used properly to control Ae. albopictus in a geographic area with certain ecological characteristics, so as to retard the development of insecticide resistance in Ae. albopictus.

Objective To understand the resistance of Musca domestica to insecticides in the four areas of Shaanxi province for providing evidence for scientific application of insecticides. Methods Insects were collected in the fields in urban areas where flies bred and sensitive insects were reared in laboratory without exposure to insecticides. Topical dropping method was used to determine the death rate by different drug concentrations, with LD ₅₀ obtained by POLO software analysis. Results The LD ₅₀ of sensitive insects to DDVP, temephos, DDT, propoxur, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin was 0.004, 0.113, 0.010, 0.214, 0.003 07, 0.000 63, 0.003 and 0.013 μg/♀, respectively. Different degrees of resistance of M. domestica to the eight commonly used insecticides were observed in Ankang, Weinan, Baoji, Tongchuan city of Shaanxi province. The LD ₅₀ of M. domestica in four areas to DDVP, temephos, DDT, propoxur, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin was 0.051-0.301, 4.429-14.480, 1.259-1.573, 13.579-33.556, 0.024-0.303, 0.017-0.046, 0.047-0.269 and 0.016-0.053 μg/♀, respectively, with the average LD ₅₀ to the eight insecticides from 0.028 to 23.549 μg/♀. The resistance ratio (R/S) was from 2.54 to 140.20, DDT being the highest and permethrin the lowest. Conclusion Insecticides should be applied scientifically to effectively curb the increase of resistance of M. domestica to the insecticides.

Objective To identify and classify newly-recorded rodent species in the epidemic focus of plaque in Dingbian county, Shaanxi province. Methods Morphological observation and DNA barcode technology were applied for rodent identification and classification. Results A total of 6 voles were captured with the body length between 120 mm and 140 mm, body weight ranging from 41.75 g to 71.58 g and skull length less than 32 mm. The tail length exceeded one third of the body length. The voles were covered by dark brown skin but their abdomen was sand-yellow in colour. The COⅠgene extracted from the samples was amplified through PCR and sequenced, with the maximum genetic distance between these samples and those of Microtus fortis from other areas being 1%. Conclusion The voles captured from the salt marshes in the southern edge of Ordos Plateau in the plague area of Dingbian county are identified as M. fortis through morphological analysis and DNA comparision. M. fortis is recorded for the first time in the plague natural foci of Shaanxi province, which provides useful information and a basis for further monitoring of vetor, plaque and related diseases in the area.

Objective To identify the resistance of Culex pipiens pallens to five commonly used insecticides in Xianyang city so as to provide evidence for control strategy development. Methods The mortality of larvae exposed to five insecticides was determined by the distinguishing dosage method. Results The resistance level of Cx. pipiens pallens was high under the diagnosis dose to DDT, DDVP, permethrin, and deltamethrin, and the mortality in 24 hours was 23.45%, 14.02%, 28.77%, 25.00%, respectively. The resistance to cypermethrin was moderate and the mortality was 58.63%. Conclusion The resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens to five commonly used insecticides in Xianyang has reached middle to high levels. Different kinds of insecticides should be used for control of mosquitoes.

Objective To determine the population composition, density and distribution of vectors in Yulin urban area, providing evidence for control of these insects. Methods Human baited net trap method and lamp baited trap method were employed for mosquito collection, cage-trapping for fly collection and sticky-paste for cockroach collection. Results Mosquitoes caught belonged to 5 species 4 genera, with Culex pipiens pallens being the dominant species. The average density based on the human baited net trap method was 19.11 per net per hour, or 1.61 per lamp per hour based on lamp baited trap method. The density in the urban area was higher than that in the villages. Flies belonged 23 species 19 genera 5 family, and the common species were Chrysomya megacephala, Lucilia sericata, Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, Boettcherisca peregrine and L. cuprina, accounting for 36.49%, 20.41%, 14.78%, 10.61%, 8.65% and 2.61%, respectively. The average density was 4.42/ cage, the highest density observed in the farm produce markets. Cockroach density was 16.28/piece·night, highest observed in the restaurants, with Blattella germanica being the predominant species. The peak of flies and cockroaches was in August, and that of mosquitoes in July. Conclusion The population composition, density and distribution of vectors were basically grasped. Integrated measures should be taken with focus on such major areas as restaurants, farm produce markets and residential areas.

Objective To identify Musca domestica insecticide resistance in Xianyang city for proper application of insecticides. Methods Topical dropping method was used to determine the LD₅₀. Results The LD₅₀ values of DDVP, beta- cypermethrin, deltamethrin and propoxur for M. domestica were 0.019, 0.098, 0.013 and 6.627 μ g/♀, respectively. The resistances ratios (R/S) to four insecticides were 4.71, 31.92, 20.63 and 31.02, respectively. Conclusion The resistance of M. domestica in Xianyang city to four insecticides in Xianyang city has developed to varying degrees, particularly that to beta- cypermethrin and propoxur. Development of resistance may be due to improper administration of insecticides in the agricultural and construction areas. Additional resistance monitoring, proper use of insecticides and comprehensive vector control strategies are key to preventing the occurrence of drug resistance in these vectors.

Objective To evaluate the resistance in Culex pipiens pallens to commonly used insecticides in different areas of Shaanxi province. Methods Larval mortality for 4 insecticides and LC₅₀ of 8 insecticides determined via the dosing method and median lethal dose method, respectively. Results The resistance level of Cx. pipiens pallens in all five areas was high except the population in Yulin city, which had elementary resistance to permethrin. The LC₅₀ values for larvae to β - cypermethrin, permethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin, DDT, DDVP, parathion and propoxur were 0.001 82-0.012 24, 0.008 16-0.094 19, 0.000 58-0.005 59, 0.002 76-0.020 17, 0.100 96-1.296 86, 0.144 11-0.512 40, 0.001 47-0.007 06, and 0.234 60-1.182 37 mg/L, respectively. The highest resistance level to all pesticides was found in Baoji city, except for deltamethrin, cypermethrin and parathion, while the lowest level was found in Yulin city, except for parathion and propoxur. Conclusion The development of mosquito resistance was closely related with the use of insecticides. Therefore, it is important to ensure appropriate administration and regular resistance surveillance to defer and prevent the occurrence of resistance in mosquitoes.

Objective To investigate the community structure of gamasid mites in a plague area of Dingbian county for further revelation of the role of these species in transmitting and preserving the plague bacillus. Methods The mites were collected from rodent bodies and nests, fixed in Hoyer’s medium and identified under the microscope. Results A total of 463 gamasid mites under 6 species, 5 genera and 3 families were collected. The dominant species included Haemogamasus kitanoi, Haemolaelaps glasgowi and Eulaelaps cricetuli, accounting for 40.6%, 33.0% and 24.8%, respectively, followed by a small amount of Macrocheles matrius, Macrocheles decoloratus and Laelaps algericus. Eight hundred fifty-nine rodents were captured and 135 nests were investigated. The dominant host mammal was Meriones unguiculatus, accounting for 90.9% of the total captives. The mite-carrying rate was 7.3% in M. unguiculatus and 23.7% of all nests. Most of the collected mites were female. Conclusion The community structure of gamasid mites is simple in this area with only a few species parasitic on the dominant host rodents. The dominant gamasid mites found on M. unguiculatus included H. kitanoi, H. glasgowi and E. cricetuli.

【Abstract】 Objective To study dividing line and influence factor of Aedes albopictus in Shaanxi province.  Methods Adult mosquitoes were captured by mosquito?net trap, light trap and mosq?ovitrap method.  Results Ae.albopictus distributed widely in Baoji and Hancheng city, and mainly at the special places such as worn type deposit places and junk recycle bin in Longxian and Tongchuan city. There was no Ae.albopictus in Yijun, Huangling and Yichuan. The peak of Ae.albopictus was in August in Baoji city and in September in Hancheng city. Temperature was possible the decisive factor that affected dividing line of Ae.albopictus. Conclusion The western boundary of Ae.albopictus was in Baoji city, the northern ones in Longxian, Tongchuan and Hancheng. Compared to light trap, mosquito?net trap and mosq?ovitrap method were best for the surveillance of Ae.albopictus, which would provide the ecological evidence for the control of mosquitoes.

【Abstract】 Objective To investigate the resistance of Culex tritaeniorhynchus to insecticides used frequently in high incidence areas of Japanese encephalitis in Shaanxi province. Methods The density of mosquitoes was calculated by labor hour method. Larva death rate of five insecticides and LC50 of eight insecticides were determined by distinguishing dosage method and median lethal dose method respectively. Results The average density of Cx.tritaeniorhynchus in breeding farm was 194.91/man· hour. The mortality of mosquitoes in Nanzheng, Hanyin, Hanbin and Pingli county was 1.84％-13.65％ and 10.86％-31.25％ after treatment by DDVP and deltamethrin for 24 h. Maximum LC50 of the same insecticide in different areas was1.27-8.00 times of the minimum. Conclusion Cx.tritaeniorhynchus developed different resistance to tested insecticides in four investigation sites, except that it was susceptible to cypermethrin in Hanbin, Nanzheng county and to DDT in Pingli, Nanzheng county. Cx.tritaeniorhynchus populations had developed high resistance to DDVP and deltamethrin, moderate resistance to permethrin. Rotational or mixed use of insecticides with different action mechanisms should be adopted to postpone the development of insecticide resistance.

【Abstract】 Objective To test the control efficacy of different chemicals to Culex pipiens pallens. Methods The methods of laboratory efficacy test for aerosol and simulated field efficacy test were used in this study. Results KT₅₀ values of seven aerosols to Cx.pipiens pallens was 1.30-4.40 min, and the mortality rate was about 95.0%-100% after treatment for 24 h. The knockdown rate and the mortality rate were all within 93.0%-100% after treatment in the simulated field for 1h and 24 h. The control efficacy of seven chenmicals accorded with the national standards, but there was still more significant difference among them. Conclusion The control efficacy of 0.05% tetramethrin·cypermethrin was the best, which had the characteristics of fast knockdown, high mortality and low cost.

Objective To grasp the ecological feature of nocturnal rodents in plague epidemic areas, Shaanxi province. Methods The nocturnal rodents were captured in different habitat every month. The parasitic fleas were collected, dissected and observed, as well as do plague bacillus culture and serum detection. Results 192 nocturnal rodents of 8 species were captured. Of which, the Cricetulus barabensis was the dominant specie. The quantity of nocturnal rodents was higher in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. The Cr.barabensis inhabits adult woods and the Meriones meridianus inhabits dikes and semifixed dunes. 188 parasitic fleas, which belonged to 8 species of 8 genera of 4 families, were collected from the nocturnal rodents. The Neopsylla bidentatiformis and Xenopsylla conformis conformis were dominant species. The reproduction peak of nocturnal rodents was in summer. The dominant nocturnal rodents could be infected by the plague bacillus. Conclusion The ecological feature of nocturnal rodents in plague epidemic areas, Shaanxi province is different from that in other areas. It is important for the efficient prevention and control of plague to monitor systematically rodent density and detect serum.

Objective To know the distributtion and density of Aedes albopictus in Baoji, Shanxi province. Methods Mosquito lavae were investigated by breeding sites surveying method using container index(CI), house index(HI) and breteau index(BI), adults were collected by mosq-ovitrap, human biting catch, human-baited net trap, light-trap methods for density. Results At 7 kinds of ecological biotopes in Baoji urban areas including 642 various water-holding container, 48.75% was larvae positive, with CI, HI and BI 52.36, 58.12 and 71.73 respectively. For adults survey, 625 mosq-ovitrap were used in successive three months (July to September), the average positive rate was 12.52%, and all the collected mosquitoes were Ae.albopictus. For total 24 times of human-baited net trapping at 17:00 to 19:00, the average mosquitos density was 11.17 mosquitos per human in 1h, with 76.12% Ae.albopictus in most. For light-trap, total 16 lights(times) were investigated and most of mosquitoes captured were Culex pipiens pallens(77.19%), the densities are 1.09 and 0.89 per light-trap in 1h for August and September separately Ae.albopictus was 4.35%. Conclusion Ae.albopictus was ubiquitous in Baoji. Three methods all showed that Ae.albopictus was common species of mosquitoes, with a peak in August, with a very high density, so we should pay more attention to Ae.albopictus control.

Objective To know species composition and habitats of mosquitoes in the border area of Aedes albopictus distribution area in Shaanxi province,and to evaluate effect of mosq-ovitrap and photocatalytic mosquito and fly trap.Methods Choosing 6 different habitats in three survey sites from July to September in 2006.Putting the mosq-ovitrap to observe attracted adults and larvae of Ae.albopictus,and photocatalytic mosquito and fly trap to observe attracted adults.Results Ae.albopictus was found in Baoji and Hancheng city.Average mosquito and oviposition positive index(MOI) by mosq-ovitrap was 17.92.Reproduce fastigium of Ae.albopictus was in Augest.The highest MOI of Ae.albopictus was in hilly area and woodland,was 33.20.Total 925 mosquitoes were collected in three survey sites by photocatalytic mosquito and fly trap.8 species of 5 genera were recongnized. Culex pipiens pallens was the dominant species.It was 76.11% of the total. Cx.pipiens pallens, Armigeres subalbatus and Cx.tritaeniorhynchus distribute in all habitats investigated. Cx.tritaeniorhynchus is more in the area of breeding and cultivation.Conclusion The distribution of Ae.albopictus is same as history data. Cx.pipiens pallens, Cx.tritaeniorhynchus and Ar.subalbatus are dominant populations in this area.The mosq-ovitrap and photocatalytic mosquito and fly trap have a high attractive effect.

Objective To investigate the community structure of mesquitoes and their ecological distribution at Hancheng city in 2006,and to evaluate efficacy of the mosq-ovitrap for monitoring Aedes albopictics in the field.Methods Using human baited net trap,light trap and mosq-ovitrap method for adults,and container method for larvae investigation.Results Mosquitoes collected from Hancheng city belonged to 5 genera 7 species,Human were attacked mainly by Ae.albopictus, Culex pipiens pallens, Armigeres subalbatus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus.The positive container index of larvae investigation was 34.38.The density of adults by human baited net trap method was 7.16 individuals per hour,1.13 individuals per hour by light trap method.The positive mosquito index of mosq-ovitrap was 15.32% in the field,the average amount of adults were 1.37 per trap,and the oviposition index by mosq-ovitrap was 14.41%.The positive mosquito index in September was higher than that in others and was 18.25%.The oviposition index was also the highest in September and was 21.25%.The oviposition index by mosq-ovitrap was higher than that by white paper cups( χ ²=45.14, P<0.001).The density of adults was the highest at the special places(worn type deposit places,junk recycle bin,and so on),and in the village was higher than in the urban,in the area for rest and recreation was higher than in cultivition area.The positive container index of larvae at the village was higher than at the urban,in the area for rest and recreation was higher than in cultivition area.Conclusion Ae.albopictus, Cx.pipiens pallens, Ar.subalbatus and Cx.tritaeniorhynchus were dominant population attacking human in this area.The mosq-ovitrap had a high attractive effect to Ae.albopictus adults and eggs.It can be applied for monitoring Ae.albopictus.The investigation provided some basic information for controling mosquitoes.

Objective To separate automatically the imagoes and larvae of Blattela germanica.Methods Put the Blattela germanica's imagoes and larvae which attach to the zigzag slips into one side of the vat of separate apparatus,together with the slips,and in another side the vat,put food and water to make a temptation.Results On the fourth day the separative rate of germanica's imagoes and larvae was above 50%,above 90% on the sixth day.Conclusion Depending on temptation of food and water,the separate apparatus can separate the Blattela germanica's imagoes and larvae automatically,and the ages of acquired larvae are uniform on the whole.

Objective To know the species of vector fleas and their seasonal variation in plague epidemic area. Methods Investigate the species and the amount of the fleas at body,nest,hole of the Meriones unguiculatus and the indoor fleas month by month. Results Six species of fleas were found on the gerbil body and eleven species in nest,the Nosopsyllus laeviceps kuzenkovi is dominant species at both body and nest. Only one specie Archaeopsylla sinensis were found indoor. The amount of the fleas on gerbil body in spring and summer is far higher than in autumn and winter. The amount of the nest fleas show the double curve,the first apex in April and the second in November,the first apex is higher than the second. Conclusion The speciesand the amount of the fleas and the rule of vector flea seasonal variation in Shaanxi provincial plague epidemic area is different from in neighborhood province,the control of fleas ought to do in the spring and summer.